Colon polyps are growths on the inside lining of your colon (large intestine). Polyps are tumors that grow out of the mucous lining inside your gastrointestinal tract.
Colon polyps are common, and many are harmless. However, some types can grow into cancer if they aren’t removed. This is why doctors look for polyps in your colon during a colonoscopy. While polyps aren’t cancer, almost all colorectal cancers start from a polyp.
Doctors classify colon polyps in a couple of different ways. One way is by looking at the shape. Different types have different microscopic features because they grow and develop. If a polyp looks like a mushroom, with a “head” and “stalk,” they call it “pedunculated.” If it doesn’t have a stalk and looks more like a raised lump with a broad base, they call it “sessile.” These same processes also determine whether a polyp can grow into cancer or not. So, different types of polyps have different cancerous potential.
Colon polyps are fairly common, especially as you get older. About 20% of adults have it, and the percentage jumps to around 40% for people over 50 years old. Additionally, about 6% of children may have it too. It can occur in anyone, regardless of ethnicity or gender. However, it is more common in Western countries.
Most colon polyps and colorectal cancers won’t cause any symptoms. This is why regular screening is so important. Usually, by the time you have symptoms, the polyp has already turned into cancer.
Possible symptoms include:
Colon polyps are growths on the inner lining of the colon, which are usually benign. However, some types, especially adenomatous polyps, can develop into colon cancer over time if left untreated. Regular screening helps detect and remove it early, reducing the risk of colon cancer.
The recommended screening age typically starts at 45-50 years old, but those with higher risk factors may need to start earlier. Screening methods, such as a colonoscopy, should be done every 10 years if no polyps are found. If they are discovered, your doctor may recommend more frequent screenings. Consult your doctor to determine the right screening tests for you.
Yes, lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. A diet high in fiber, low in red and processed meats, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can lower your risk. Regular screenings are also essential for early detection.
Early-stage colon cancer often has no symptoms. However, as they grow, common symptoms may include changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation), blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal discomfort. Regular screenings are key to catching cancer early before symptoms develop.
Individuals over the age of 50, those with a family history of colon cancer, individuals with certain genetic conditions (like Lynch syndrome), and those with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at higher risk. Lifestyle factors like smoking, obesity, and a diet high in processed foods also increase risk.
Most colon polyps have the potential to become cancerous, which is why healthcare providers remove them during a colonoscopy. But very few of them do turn into cancer, and it takes a long time for them to do so. The risk of a random, average-sized polyp becoming cancerous is estimated to be 8% over 10 years and 24% over 20 years.
Colon polyps affect about 20% of adults overall and about 40% of people over 50. They’re more common in men and older adults, whereas colon cancer is the third most common non-skin cancer in both men and women in the United States.
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